28 °c
Denpasar
Saturday, July 5, 2025
  • About Us
  • Advertise
  • Privacy & Policy
  • Contact Us
  • Login
firstsignsofdiabetesypmtoms
  • Home
  • Diabetes
    • All
    • Complications
    • Miscellaneous
    • Pre diabetes
    • Type 1 Diabetes
    • Type 2 Diabetes
    Diabetic Neuropathy – complication of diabetes to avoid

    Diabetic Neuropathy – complication of diabetes to avoid

    Etiology of Diabetes Mellitus – the study of diabetes

    Etiology of Diabetes Mellitus – the study of diabetes

    Type 2 Diabetes: Treat with a Healthy Diet

    Type 2 Diabetes: Treat with a Healthy Diet

  • Diabetes Prevention
  • Health & Wellness
    • All
    • Diabetes Diet
    • Diabetic Footcare
    • Tips
    Diabetic Food List for Diabetics to Eat – Free Diabetic Meal Plan and Diabetic Recipes for Any of You to Try

    Diabetic Food List for Diabetics to Eat – Free Diabetic Meal Plan and Diabetic Recipes for Any of You to Try

    Diabetic foot problems and tips to deal with the diabetic feet

    Diabetic foot problems and tips to deal with the diabetic feet

    Diabetes and exercise – can regular exercise reduce the diabetes risk factors

    Diabetes and exercise – can regular exercise reduce the diabetes risk factors

  • Pet Care
    Feline diabetes –cat diabetes info identifying diabetes in cats

    Feline diabetes –cat diabetes info identifying diabetes in cats

    Canine Diabetes – coping with dog diabetes

  • Diabetes Products
    Diabetic Socks – A brief explanation

    Diabetic Socks – A brief explanation

    Best Diabetes Testing  One Touch Ultra Smart Meter

    Best Diabetes Testing One Touch Ultra Smart Meter

    Diabetes Test Kit Is Essential for diabetes testing

    Diabetes Test Kit Is Essential for diabetes testing

No Result
View All Result
Plugin Install : Cart Icon need WooCommerce plugin to be installed.
firstsignsofdiabetesypmtoms
  • Home
  • Diabetes
    • All
    • Complications
    • Miscellaneous
    • Pre diabetes
    • Type 1 Diabetes
    • Type 2 Diabetes
    Diabetic Neuropathy – complication of diabetes to avoid

    Diabetic Neuropathy – complication of diabetes to avoid

    Etiology of Diabetes Mellitus – the study of diabetes

    Etiology of Diabetes Mellitus – the study of diabetes

    Type 2 Diabetes: Treat with a Healthy Diet

    Type 2 Diabetes: Treat with a Healthy Diet

  • Diabetes Prevention
  • Health & Wellness
    • All
    • Diabetes Diet
    • Diabetic Footcare
    • Tips
    Diabetic Food List for Diabetics to Eat – Free Diabetic Meal Plan and Diabetic Recipes for Any of You to Try

    Diabetic Food List for Diabetics to Eat – Free Diabetic Meal Plan and Diabetic Recipes for Any of You to Try

    Diabetic foot problems and tips to deal with the diabetic feet

    Diabetic foot problems and tips to deal with the diabetic feet

    Diabetes and exercise – can regular exercise reduce the diabetes risk factors

    Diabetes and exercise – can regular exercise reduce the diabetes risk factors

  • Pet Care
    Feline diabetes –cat diabetes info identifying diabetes in cats

    Feline diabetes –cat diabetes info identifying diabetes in cats

    Canine Diabetes – coping with dog diabetes

  • Diabetes Products
    Diabetic Socks – A brief explanation

    Diabetic Socks – A brief explanation

    Best Diabetes Testing  One Touch Ultra Smart Meter

    Best Diabetes Testing One Touch Ultra Smart Meter

    Diabetes Test Kit Is Essential for diabetes testing

    Diabetes Test Kit Is Essential for diabetes testing

No Result
View All Result
Plugin Install : Cart Icon need WooCommerce plugin to be installed.
firstsignsofdiabetesypmtoms
No Result
View All Result

Etiology of Diabetes Mellitus – the study of diabetes

Melvin by Melvin
in Miscellaneous
0
Home Diabetes Miscellaneous

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease characterized by relative or absolute deficiency of insulin, resulting in glucose intolerance. It occurs in 4-5 million persons in the United States (approximately 2% of the population). The classic symptoms of diabetes mellitus result from abnormal glucose metabolism.

The lack of insulin activity results in failure of transfer of glucose from the plasma into the cells. This situation so called “starvation in the midst of plenty”. The body responds as if it were in the fasting state, with stimulation of glucogenolysis, gluconeogenesis and lipolysis producing ketone bodies.

The glucose absorbed during a meal is not metabolized at the normal rate and therefore accumulates in the blood (hyperglycemia) to be excreted in the urine (glycosuria). Glucose in the urine causes osmotic diuresis, leading to increase urine production (polyuria). Stimulation of protein breakdown to provide amino acids for gluconeogenesis results in muscle wasting and weight loss.

These classic symptoms occur only in patients with severe insulin deficiency, most commonly in type I diabetes. Many patients with type II diabetes do not have these symptoms and present with one of the complications of diabetes.

Generally, there are two types of diabetes: Type I Diabetes Mellitus (insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus, IDDM) and Type II Diabetes Mellitus (non-insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus, NIDDM).

Type I Diabetes Mellitus (insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus, IDDM) is due to destruction of pancreatic B cells. The cause of B cell destruction in type I diabetes is unknown. A few cases have followed viral infections, most commonly with coxsakievirus B or mumps virus.

Autoimmunity is believed to be the major mechanism involved. Islet cell autoantibodies are present in the serum of 90% of newly diagnosed cases. Such antibodies are directed against several cell components, including cytoplasmic and membrane antigens or against insulin itself (IgG and IgE antibodies). Sensitized T lymphocytes with activity against B cells have also been demonstrated in some patients.

Plasma insulin levels are very low or even absent in type I diabetes, and ketoacidosis develops if the patients do not receive exogenous insulin. Type I diabetes occurs most commonly in juveniles, with the highest incidence worldwide among the 10- to 14-year-old group, but occasionally occurs in adults, especially the nonobese and those who are elderly when hyperglycemia first appears.

The etiology of type II diabetes mellitus (non-insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus, NIDDM) is even less clearly understood. Two factors have been identified:

a) Impaired insulin release-basal secretion of insulin is often normal, but the rapid release of insulin follows a meal is greatly impaired, resulting in failure of normal handling of a carbohydrate load. In most patients, some level of insulin secretion is maintained, so that the abnormality of glucose metabolism is limited and ketoacidosis is uncommon. In these patients, insulin secretion can be stimulated by drugs such as sulfonylureas.

Exogenous insulin is therefore not essential in treatment. It also have been suggested that inheritance of a defective pattern of insulin secretion is responsible for the familial tendency of diabetes. The genetic factor is very strong in type II diabetes, with a history of diabetes present in about 50% of first degree relatives.

b) Insulin resistance-a defect in the tissue response to insulin is believed to play a major role. This phenomenon is called insulin resistance and is caused by defective insulin receptors on the target cells. Insulin resistance occurs in association with obesity and pregnancy. In normal individuals who become obese or pregnant, the B cells secrete increased amounts of insulin to compensate. Patients who have genetic susceptibility to diabetes cannot compensate because of their inherent defect in insulin secretion.

Thus, type II diabetes is frequently precipitated by obesity and pregnancy. In a few patients with extreme insulin resistance, antibodies against the receptors have been demonstrated in plasma. These antibodies are mostly of the IgG class and act against the insulin receptors, causing the decreased numbers of insulin receptors and defective binding of insulin to receptors.

Other specific types of diabetes mellitus includes maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), diabetes due to mutant insulin, diabetes due to mutant insulin receptors, diabetes mellitus associated with a mutation of mitochondrial DNA and obese type 2 patients.

Reference:

www.medical-explorer.com

Written by: Wong Lai Teng

Tags: diabetes symptomsEtiology of Diabetes Mellitus
Melvin

Melvin

Next Post
Diabetic Neuropathy – complication of diabetes to avoid

Diabetic Neuropathy – complication of diabetes to avoid

Leave a Reply Cancel reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

NewAddition

Feline diabetes –cat diabetes info identifying diabetes in cats
Pets with diabetes

Feline diabetes –cat diabetes info identifying diabetes in cats

by Melvin
0

Feline diabetes is basically Cat diabetes or diabetes in cats. It will generally show a gradual onset of the disease...

Read moreDetails

Canine Diabetes – coping with dog diabetes

Diabetes and impotence – keeping it up longer and erectile dysfunction (ED) away

Diabetes and impotence – keeping it up longer and erectile dysfunction (ED) away

Diabetes and Nutrition – Should I be worried about it?

Diabetes and Nutrition – Should I be worried about it?

Diabetes and Heart Disease – is there a connection?

Diabetes and Heart Disease – is there a connection?

About Us

We bring you the best and latest diabetes information from around the web as distributed by experts in the field of medicine, nutrition and health care specific for diabetic people.

Follow Us

Category

  • Complications
  • Diabetes
  • Diabetes Diet
  • Diabetes Prevention
  • Diabetes Products
  • Diabetic Footcare
  • Health & Wellness
  • Miscellaneous
  • Pets with diabetes
  • Pre diabetes
  • Tips
  • Type 1 Diabetes
  • Type 2 Diabetes

Menu

  • About Us
  • Advertise
  • Privacy & Policy
  • Contact Us

Recent News

Diabetic Food List for Diabetics to Eat – Free Diabetic Meal Plan and Diabetic Recipes for Any of You to Try

Diabetic Food List for Diabetics to Eat – Free Diabetic Meal Plan and Diabetic Recipes for Any of You to Try

Diabetic Neuropathy – complication of diabetes to avoid

Diabetic Neuropathy – complication of diabetes to avoid

© 2019 firstsignsofdiabetessymptoms.com

Welcome Back!

Login to your account below

Forgotten Password?

Retrieve your password

Please enter your username or email address to reset your password.

Log In
No Result
View All Result
  • About Us
  • Advertise
  • Privacy & Policy
  • Contact Us

© 2019 firstsignsofdiabetessymptoms.com